Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the second kind (machines that spontaneously convert thermal energy into mechanical work) are impossible. In a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies of the interacting thermodynamic systems increases.Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind (machines that produce work with no energy input) are impossible. When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out from a system, the system's internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of energy.This law helps define the concept of temperature. If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.The four laws of thermodynamics are as follows.
What Are the Four Laws of Thermodynamics? The Scottish physicist Lord Kelvin was the first to come up with a concise definition of thermodynamics. The field of thermodynamics was developed from the work of Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot who believed that engine efficiency was the key that could help France win the Napoleonic Wars. The behaviour of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. Studies that came after the 20th century, such as wave optics and quantum optics, are known as modern optics. These earlier studies on optics are known as classical optics. This was followed up by theories of light and vision developed by ancient Greek philosophers and the development of geometric optics in the Greco-Roman world. Optics began with the creation of lenses by the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians. In a general sense, light is that part of the electromagnetic spectrum that extends from X rays to microwaves and includes the radiant energy that produces the sensation of vision.” Who Invented Optics? “a branch of physical science dealing with the propagation and behaviour of light. The Microsoft Encarta encyclopedia defines optics as: Acoustics also deals with the effects of sounds in various mediums (i.e. Hence, we can define acoustics as a branch of physics that studies how sound is produced, transmitted, received and controlled. The word "acoustics" is derived from a Greek word akouen, meaning "to hear." Mechanics can be broken down into eight sub-branches. Often called just mechanics, mechanical physics falls under two main branches:Ĭlassical mechanics deals with the laws of motion of physical objects and the forces that cause the motion, while quantum mechanics is the branch of physics which deals with the behaviour of smallest particles (i.e.
Mechanical physics is a branch of physics that deals with the motion of material objects under the influence of forces. “The branch of physics in which the structure, forces, and behaviour of the atomic nucleus are studied.” This branch of physics should not be confused with atomic physics, which studies the atom as a whole, including its electrons.Īccording to the Microsoft Encarta encyclopedia, nuclear physics is defined as: Nuclear physics is a branch of physics that deals with the constituents, structure, behaviour and interactions of atomic nuclei. The existence of these units, called quanta, act as the basis of Plank's quantum theory. Plank discovered that energy exists in individual units in the same way that matter does, rather than just as a constant electromagnetic wave. The nature and behaviour of matter and energy at that level is sometimes referred to as quantum physics and quantum mechanics. As such, events that occur at the same time for one observer could occur at different times for another.ĭiscovered by Max Plank in 1900, quantum theory is the theoretical basis of modern physics that explains the nature and behaviour of matter and energy on the atomic and subatomic level. As a result of this discovery, Einstein was able to confirm that space and time are interwoven in a single continuum known as space-time. The two pillars of modern physics are as follows.Īlbert Einstein's theory of relativity is one of the most important discoveries of the contemporary age, and states that the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers. What Are the Two Pillars of Modern Physics? Rather, they are considered different forms of each other. In modern physics, energy and matter are not considered as separate entities. Modern physics is a branch of physics that is mainly concerned with the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics.Īlbert Einstein and Max Plank were the pioneers of modern of physics as the first scientists to introduce the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, respectively.
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